Peroxisomes Eukaryotic Organelles

Peroxisomes are small organelles found in eukaryotic plant and animal cells. Hundreds of these round organelles can be found within a cell. Also known as microbodies, peroxisomes are bound by a single membrane and contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. The enzymes decompose organic molecules through oxidation reactions, producing hydrogen peroxide in the process. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to the cell, but peroxisomes also contain an enzyme that is capable of converting hydrogen peroxide to water. Peroxisomes are involved in at least 50 different biochemical reactions in the body. Types of organic polymers that are broken down by peroxisomes include amino acids, uric acid, and fatty acids. Peroxisomes in liver cells help to detoxify alcohol and other harmful substances through oxidation. Key Takeaways: Peroxisomes Peroxisomes, also known as microbodies, are organelles that are found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells.A number of organic polymers are broken down by peroxisomes including amino acids, uric acid, and fatty acids. At least 50 different biochemical reactions in the body involve peroxisomes.Structurally, peroxisomes are surrounded by one membrane that encloses digestive enzymes. Hydrogen peroxide is produced as a by-product of peroxisome enzyme activity which decomposes organic molecules.Functionally, peroxisomes are involved in both the destruction of organic molecules and the synthesis of important molecules in the cell.Similar to mitochondria and chloroplast reproduction, peroxisomes have the ability to assemble themselves and reproduce by dividing in a process known as peroxisomal biogenesis. Peroxisomes Function In addition to being involved in the oxidation and decomposition of organic molecules, peroxisomes are also involved in synthesizing important molecules. In animal cells, peroxisomes synthesize cholesterol and bile acids (produced in the liver). Certain enzymes in peroxisomes are necessary for the synthesis of a specific type of phospholipid that is necessary for the building of heart and brain white matter tissue. Peroxisome dysfunction can lead to the development of disorders that affect the central nervous system as peroxisomes are involved in producing the lipid covering (myelin sheath) of nerve fibers. The majority of peroxisome disorders are the result of gene mutations that are inherited as autosomal recessive disorders. This means that individuals with the disorder inherit two copies of the abnormal gene, one from each parent. In plant cells, peroxisomes convert fatty acids to carbohydrates for metabolism in germinating seeds. They are also involved in photorespiration, which occurs when carbon dioxide levels become too low in plant leaves. Photorespiration conserves carbon dioxide by limiting the amount of CO2 available to be used in photosynthesis. Peroxisome Production Peroxisomes reproduce similarly to mitochondria and chloroplasts in that they have the ability to assemble themselves and reproduce by dividing. This process is called peroxisomal biogenesis and involves the building of the peroxisomal membrane, intake of proteins and phospholipids for organelle growth, and new peroxisome formation by division. Unlike mitochondria and chloroplasts, peroxisomes have no DNA and must take in proteins produced by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The uptake of proteins and phospholipids increases growth and new peroxisomes are formed as the enlarged peroxisomes divide. Eukaryotic Cell Structures In addition to peroxisomes, the following organelles and cell structures can also be found in eukaryotic cells: Cell Membrane: The cell membrane protects the integrity of the interior of the cell. It is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell.Centrioles: When cells divide, centrioles help to organize the assembly of microtubules.Cilia and Flagella: Both cilia and flagella aid in cellular locomotion and can also help move substances around cells.Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in a plant cell. They contain chlorophyll, a green substance that can absorb light energy.Chromosomes: Chromosomes are located in the cells nucleus and carry heredity information in the form of DNA.Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that support the cell. It can be thought of as the cells infrastructure.Nucleus: The cells nucleus controls cell growth and reproduction. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, a double-membrane.Ribosomes: Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis. Most often, individual ribosomes have both a small and large subunit.Mitochondria: Mitoc hondria provide energy for the cell. They are considered the cells powerhouse.Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids. It also produces proteins and lipids for a number of cell components.Golgi Apparatus: The golgi apparatus manufactures, stores, and ships certain cellular products. It can be thought of as the shipping and manufacturing center of the cell.Lysosomes: Lysosomes digest cellular macromolecules. They contain a number of hydrolytic enzymes that help to break down cellular components.

International Business Case Study - 1558 Words

1. What is international business? An international business is the exchange of goods and services with business or individuals in different countries all over the world. 2. Explain the 5 benefits that international trade offers to businesses? The 5 benefits that international trade offers to businesses are: Access to the Market - It’s when most business depend on international trade for their economic survival. Most countries usually have a larger international market then domestic market. Sometimes larger markets don’t always convert into big sales. Other times, certain countries companies have trouble adapting their products to several different types of markets because consumers that buy the item or contribute to the service have†¦show more content†¦3. Describe the 5 P’s of international business. The 5 P’s of international business are: Product – Basically, the product of international business is what you are selling to your target audience to buy your item. A resource in a country determines what goods and services it can produce. Price – The price is what you’re going to set for a certain product or service. It can be adjusted to the price of the product or service according to where you are. Proximity - The proximity of international business is if it can be more profitable to sell products or services to consumers in neighbouring or domestic countries. Preference – The preference of international business depends on consumers. Consumers may want to buy foreign goods or services over domestic brands, because of their specialization and reputation. Promotion – According to nowadays, the time technology makes it easier to advertise products and provide services internationally. 4. Explain the 5 barriers to international business. The 5 barriers to international business are: Tariffs- They’re a form of tax on certain types of imports. They are based on a percentage-of-value basis or on some specific basses. 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High Level Overview On The Standards Committee Essay

Fast fact sheets intend to deliver a high-level overview of a given content area and provide important information or answers to the most frequently asked questions. Please utilize these sheets to maintain consistency in language, responses to questions, and guidance to the district constituencies. Q: Who is on the Standards Committee? A: The Vice President-Standards, President, New Member Chairman, one member-at-large, one elected representative from each academic class and the Standards Adviser serve on the Standards Committee. †¢ The New Member Chairman serves on the Standards Committee all year, even when there is no new member class. †¢ In the absence of the Standards Adviser, a Field Representative, Standards Specialist or other adviser may fill in. 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Learning Organization Ethics and Moral Principles

Question: Discuss about the Learning Organization for Ethics and Moral Principles. Answer: Introduction Ethics are moral principles and values practiced by the organizations to govern their business functions maintaining the organizational culture. However, in recent years many companies have been identified with respect to ethical scandals that affect the business operation and sustainable growth (Janney and Gove 2015). Organizational learning theory provides guidance to improve efficiency and accuracy of the business functions maintaining the ethical standards (Lodhia 2015). Discussion In current scenario, it has been observed that the Commonwealth Bank of Australia experienced ethical scandals and was facing competition and challenges from the competitors. The issue was brought into notice by a group consultancy while entering a contract of tender with the Commonwealth Bank. The Board of Directors conducted several meetings and sessions to discuss the ethical scandals within the organization and methods to overcome the scandals by following the guidance of learning organizational theory (Commbank.com.au 2016). On conducting the meetings certain scandals were identified that affects the organizations reputation of being one of the largest multinational banks in Australia. It was noted that the level of discount and high rate of interest charges affected the trust of investors and consumers in dealing with the bank. The Board of Directors analyzed the ethical issues with respect to employees self- interest in several transactions and act of biasness towards certain clients (Reid et al. 2015). The bank also faced the ethical scandals with respect to whistleblower at the banks life insurance department and the investigation revealed that the corporate regulator obtained documents over 50,000 regarding the issue. Other ethical issues that brought to the notice of the directors were fraud in certain deals with the customer by charging excess deposit money (Commbank.com.au 2016). Additionally, The Commonwealth Bank also faced ethical issues in context to organizational culture for which the bank received litigation in the year 2013 with respect to storm disaster amounted to $270 million approximately. Further, the organization faced several scandals in financial planning that reflected greed, forgery, dishonesty and offensive commission charges from the clients. These ethical scandals resulted in incurring huge loss by the citizens of Australia amounted to around $3.00 billion in the year 2013. Other scandals involved fraud bonus payments, brokerage charges and commission charges for getting additional clients, which was never the business policy in the guidelines of bank. It was recognized that one of the planners paid around $400 in cash as a commission fee to a teller official if he get clients (Commbank.com.au 2016). However, during the meeting and sessions, the chairperson of the bank along with the Board of Directors ensured that the management would take steps to resolve the issues following the organizational learning theory. The Chief Executive clarified that the bank would refund the losses and extra charges borne by the customers to build the trust and to maintain the profit sustainability (Commbank.com.au 2016). Conclusion It is very essential for the organizations to maintain the ethical standards the best business practices to maintain sustainable growth and strong customer relationship. Though the Commonwealth Bank is one of the most profitable multinational banks in Australia but faced various ethical issues affected the trust and faith among the clients. However, the management and Chief Executive of the bank taking measures on resolving the issues and paid compensation to the clients around $51 million. Reference List Commbank.com.au. 2016. Personal banking including accounts, credit cards and home loans - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Janney, J.J. and Gove, S., 2015. Firm Linkages to Scandals via Directors and Professional Service Firms: Insights from the Backdating Scandal.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-15. Lodhia, S., 2015. Exploring the transition to integrated reporting through a practice lens: an Australian customer owned bank perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,129(3), pp.585-598. Reid, A.M., Ledger, A., Kilminster, S. and Fuller, R., 2015. Can the tools of activity theory help us in advancing understanding and organisational change in undergraduate medical education?.Advances in Health Sciences Education,20(3), pp.655-668.