Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter E

Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter E used in chemistry and chemical engineering. Abbreviations With the Letter E e - electrone- - electronE - EnergyE1520 - Propylene GlycolEA - Epoxy AdhesiveEA - Ethyl AcetateEAA - Ethylene Acrylic AcidEAM - Embedded Atom MethodEAS - Electrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionEB - Electrode BarrierEBSD - Electron BackScatter DiffractionEBT - Eriochrome Black T indicatorEC - Electron CaptureEC - Ethyl CarbonateECD - Electron Capture DetectorECH - Enoyl-CoA HydrataseEDI - Electrical De-IonizationEDP - Ethylene Diamine PyrocatecholEDT - 1,2-Ethane DiThiolEDTA - Ethylene-Diamine-Tetra-Acetic acidEE - Ether ExtractEEC - Equilibrium Equivalent ConcentrationEEC - Evaporation Emission ControlEEEI - Effective Electron-Electron InteractionEER - Equilibrium Exchange RateEET - Excitation Energy TransferEG - Ethylene GlycolEGE - Ethylene Glycol EtherEGO - Exhaust Gas OxygenEGR - Entropy Gradient ReversalEGTA - Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic AcidEHF - Extremely High FrequencyEIC - Electromagnetically-Induced ChiralityELF - Extremely Low FrequencyEM - ElectroMagneticEM - Elevated Moistu reEMA - Ethylene Methacrylic AcidEMF - ElectroMotive ForceEN - Ethylene NaphthalateEOF - ElectroOsmotic FlowEP - Ethylene PolypropyleneEPA - Environmental Protection AgencyEPD - End Point DilutionEPDM - Ethyl Propyl Diene MonomerEPH - Extractable Petroleum HydrocarbonsEPI - EPInephrineEq - EquivalentEr - ErbiumERW - Electrolyzed Reduced WaterEs - EinsteiniumES - Excited StateETOH - Ethyl AlcoholEu - EuropiumEV - Exceptional VacuumEVA - Ethylene Vinyl AcetateEVOH - Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol

A Separate Peace By John Knowles - 2220 Words

Crafted by author John Knowles in the late 1950’s, A Separate Peace is a heart-wrenching Bildungsroman narrated by a pensive Gene Forrester as he reflects upon trials and tribulations at his alma-mater, the Devon Boarding School. In an attempt to process the tragic loss of his best friend and coping with his own responsibility in his friend’s death, Gene returns to the campus to confront his progressive loss of Finny in both his plummet from the tree by the river to his tumble down the marble staircase. At a glance, Finny and Gene’s relationship appears to be a story of tragedy as Gene must forever carry the loss of his very best friend, but as the novel progresses, it becomes increasingly clear that Gene and Finny’s relationship before Finny’s accident was far from being black-and-white. Diving deeper into the text, Gene reveals his true feelings about Finny that fluctuate from Finny being an object of obsession to being a source of resentment. As the story is told from Gene’s point of view, the reader is submerged into the realm of Gene’s odd fascinations with Finny and the manifestations of his feelings of hatred and idolization as he acts out in odd ways, such as mimicking Finny’s facial expressions and clothing and developing conspiracy theories in which Finny is planning Gene’s academic downfall. Gradually, the picture painted of the teenage Gene Forrester of A Separate Peace becomes more and more distorted as Gene’s sanity is called into question. HisShow MoreRelatedA Separate Peace By John Knowles1792 Words   |  8 Pagesbut also in the Devon School of Prep. The book A Separate Peace by John Knowles is mostly about a boy, Gene, who is receiving his education and learning about how to become a soldier to fight in the second World War. He and his best pal, Finny, are both being forced to mature and grow up before being drafted to fight, but before that even happens Gene’s jealousy gets the best of him which will threaten his friendship. Throughout the novel John Knowles uses a great deal of literary elements to helpRead MoreA Separate Peace, by John Knowles1098 Words   |  5 Pagespeoples’ imaginations. Irrational assumptions, fears of the unknown, and the development of nonexistent threats allow the justification of these wars within the individuals. In A Separate Peace, wars such as these are seen between the characters and within the characters of Gene and Phineas. John Knowles’ A Separate Peace reveals Gene’s perceived war with Phineas and Phineas’ internal conflict with World War II to be intertwined with each other through Gene’s misunderstanding of Phineas and Phineas’Read MoreA Separate Peace, by John Knowles1079 Words   |  5 Pagesaggressive nature of the people often cause it to proceed without justification. In A Separate Peace, wars such as these are seen between the characters and within th e characters of Gene and Phineas. These wars can be thought of as figments of imagination, founded on irrational assumptions, fears of the unknown, and nonexistent threats. Regardless of their origin, the enemy is always daunting. John Knowles’ A Separate Peace reveals Gene’s perceived war with Phineas and Phineas’ internal conflict with WorldRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1078 Words   |  5 PagesAs Stephen King once said, â€Å"Books and movies are like apples and oranges. They both are fruit, but taste completely different.† John Knowles’ novel A Separate Peace which is also a movie by Peter Yates, both have the same theme and plot, however, there are minor adaptations that are made to the movie which fail to capture the nature of the characters. A Separate Peace is set at a boys’ boarding school in New Hampshire during World War II. It is the story of Gene Forrester, and his confused feelingsRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pages In A Separate Peace, a realistic fictional novel by John Knowles, World War 2 gradually encroaches upon and finally dominates life at Devon. The War is an ever present focus, if not focus then presence, that fell upon the students of Devon. That was the whole point wasn’t it? Train hard in a boarding school to prepare for war. The war impinged itself upon the school through the boys’ views, jargon, and also was brought to the school. World War II infringed Devon through the boys’ views. This canRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1148 Words   |  5 PagesA Separate Peace by John Knowles: Boys to Men The boys at the Devon school, in the novel A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, are World War II influenced by making them mature and grow up more quickly than they would have had there not been a war. The war makes some boys stronger and more ready for whatever life would bring, while in others it disables them to the point that they cannot handle the demands of life. This novel shows a â€Å"coming-of age† story, especially with three boys. Gene startsRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1442 Words   |  6 PagesIn his novel A Separate Peace, John Knowles demonstrates that, to achieve adulthood, one must lose innocence and acknowledge this loss.      Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, John Knowles uses Elwin ‘Leper’ Lepellier and his time in the military to show that one must lose innocence and accept this loss to reach adulthood. Leper is, according to Gene, in â€Å"a protective cloud of vagueness† (Knowles, p. 204). This allows him to remain innocent throughout his time at the Devon School, though, after a ski troop attemptsRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1908 Words   |  8 Pages From juvenility to maturity, A Separate Peace combines classic American Literature with a thoughtful plot-line that is developed to affect the readers’ mind and heart. The author, John Knowles of Fairmont, West Virginia, had one clear purpose for writing this book. This purpose was to show the disastrous mental and physical problems which arise as the result of war, specifically the repercussions they have on the home front. A good lesson to learn from this book is that even a war three-thousandRead MoreA Sepa rate Peace By John Knowles1529 Words   |  7 Pagesgrow, seeing conflicting sides of good and evil. A Separate Peace by John Knowles narrates the story of young boys growing up with World War II as the backdrop. The war impacts them dramatically and is constantly thought about as they are coming of the age since they will soon be enlisted. However, not only are they living during an era of war but are also struggling with the war inside of themselves as they search for the truth within. Knowles depicts the ability of war to affect teenage boys inRead MoreA Separate Peace By John Knowles1810 Words   |  8 PagesIn John Knowles’ novel A Separate Peace, it begins with the protagonist, Gene Forrester coming back to his alma mater the Devon School in New Hampshire. Wandering through the campus, Gene makes his way to a tall tree by the river; the reason for his return. From here he takes the reader back to the year 1942 during World War II when he was in high school. During the summer session ofthat year, he becomes close friends with his daredevil roommate Finny who is able to convince Gene into making a dangerous

Fundamentals of Law for Australian Woollen Pty Ltd -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFundamentals of Law for Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd. Answer: The issue which has to be determined in relation to the given scenario is that whether a claim for a breach of contract can be brought by Ian against Ben. This would be done through analyzing whether a contract has been formed between Ian and Ben or not. Rules A contract only comes to an existence when the elements offer and acceptance are addressed appropriately in accordance to the legal provisions associated with them. An offer is an expression made by a person to another so that the other person may willingly accept its terms. An offer is differentiated from an invitation to deal (having no legal significance) based on the completeness of the expression. As provided in the case of AGC (Advances) Ltd v McWhirter (1977) 1 BLR 9454 an offer is complete when it consists of elements like nature of services to be provided, time and date of services, price to be paid and a time period till which an offer can be accepted. In addition in the case of Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424 it was ruled by the court that if a reasonable person is induced by wordings of the expression to enter the agreement it would be a complete offer. An offer comes to an end through the process of revocation. One of the forms of revocation of an offer is through its rejection. In the case of Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 it was ruled by the court that as soon as the offer is rejected impliedly or expressly it comes to an end. According to the rules of postal rule stated in Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B Ald 681 as soon as the letter is posted it constitutes an acceptance. Similar provisions are applicable in relation to an email as provided in the case of Thomas anr v BPE Solicitors [2010] EWHC 306 Application In the given situation a valid offer had been made by Ben to Ian which had to be accepted before 1st may. The offer was in relation to giving a speech for an event. This was a complete offer as a reasonable person would be induced to get into the contract through its words as it contained price, date and nature of services to be provided and thus was a complete offer in nature. However Ian notified Ben that he is likely to be unavailable for the event as he was hoping to be selected to give speech in another event on the same date. This expression of Ian expressly accounts to the rejection of the offer which means that it has been revoked and has come to an end according to the rules of revocation as discussed above. It had been provided by Ian that he may notify Ben in case there was a change in the circumstances. The notification had been made through an email by Ian. However such notification would have been a new offer made by Ian as the original offer has already ceased to exists. Ian had made an email which stated that he wants to accept the offer and provide the speech as he was not selected for the event. However the email was not read by Ben as it was transferred to the spam folder of the email. Although the email accounts to a valid acceptance through the postal rule according to which the acceptance was valid as soon as the email had been made by Ian, as the offer has already elapsed it cannot be accepted by Ian any longer. Conclusion As the acceptance of Ian was after the offer had been rejected it does not form a contract between Ian and Ben. Issue 2 Whether there is a contract between Ben and Sharon Rules It is a general rule in the law of contacts that it is not necessary for a contract to be in writing in order to be binding. As stated in the case of Wood v Scarth (1858) 1 FF 293 a contract can only take place between the parties if they have agreed upon the same thing in the same sense also know as consensus ad idem or the meeting of minds. In the case of King's Norton Metal Co Ltd v Edridge Merrett Co Ltd (1897) TLR 98 it was ruled by the court that where the parties are mistaken in relation to the facts of the case the contract may be void or may be voidable upon the option of the parties. The mistaken can lead to the recession of the contract if it can be proved that the mistake was in relation to a material aspect of the contract. In the case of Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459 the court ruled that the where the parties are dealing through correspondences the mistake as to the identity of the parties will make the contract void. In case of a mistake the court may also provide a remedy in relation to equity for any loss which has been faced by the parties to the contract as provided by Webster v Cecil (1861) 30 Beav 62 Application In the given situation it has been provided that Ben has approached Sharon to provide a speech in his educational institution. The speech is in relation to the subject of astronomy. However Sharon mistakenly believes that the speech is in relation to astrology and accepts the contract. In the above discussion it has been provided that were there is no meeting of minds and a common mistake exits than the contract can be avoided and the parties to it can claim such situation as a defense. Here Ben believed that Sharon was a astronomy expert and offered the speech to her, whereas she was an astrology expert. In addition Sharon accepted the contract as she believed that the speech was in relation to astrology. Thus there is mistake on the part of both the parties to the contract. Therefore in the given situation Ben can claim common mistake as a defense and Sharon can get some compensation as per the rules of equity The contract not being in writing does not have any legal issues Conclusion Ben can claim the defense in from of mistake under contract law. Issue The issue which needs to be determined in relation to the scenario is that whether Chengs or Gordons claim is stronger in relation to the car Rule In case a contract has been entered upon by two parties and one of them had a belief that the other was a third party (which means any other person) a mistake in relation to identity takes place. There is a distinction made by law in relation to such position where the parties are present or absent during the negotiation. In the case of King's Norton Metal Co Ltd v Edridge Merrett Co Ltd the aggrieved party had a belief that it was dealing with a reputable firm whereas the firm was rough the court held the contract to be valid as the mistake was related to attributes and not identity. In case the parties were physically present and the above discussed mistake needs to be established it has to be shown by the innocent party that they had the intention of dealing with some other person, the other party had knowledge in relation to such intentions, the identity was regarded as very crucial to the contract and reasonable steps had been taken by them in relation to the verification of the identity as provided in Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243 In the case Lake v Simmons [1927] AC 487 of it had been ruled by the court that where the possessions of the goods have passed to an innocent party before the contract is avoided the third party would have a good title to such goods. Application In the given situation it is event that Gordon had the intention of dealing with the Mayor of the city and not Mary. Mary also had the knowledge if such intentions of Gordan in relation to given the car prior to payment. The negotiations took place between the parties in physical presence of each other. Thus there was a mistake in identity and the contract should be void. However Gordon did not take reasonable steps to verify that the Mary was the mayor of the town. He concluded the fact based on unsure assumptions. Thus the contract can be declared as voidable and not void. Further through the application of the Simmons case it can be provided that as the contract between Gordon and Mary was voidable and was not avoided before the car had been sold to Cheng, the title of the car would be bestowed on Cheng Lawfully Conclusion Therefore from the above discussion it can be concluded that Chengs claim would be stronger than Gordon according to the rules of contract References Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B Ald 681 AGC (Advances) Ltd v McWhirter (1977) 1 BLR 9454 Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424 Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 Cundy v Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459 King's Norton Metal Co Ltd v Edridge Merrett Co Ltd (1897) TLR 98 Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243 Thomas anr v BPE Solicitors [2010] EWHC 306 Webster v Cecil (1861) 30 Beav 62 Wood v Scarth (1858) 1 FF 293

The Swimmer By John Cheever Essay Example For Students

The Swimmer By John Cheever Essay John Cheevers story ?The Swimmer? depicts a protaganist, and the society that has nurtured him, as lacking in seriousness and responsibility. Neddy, the bewildered protagonist, represents a society satirized for centering its values on social status and materialism. During the course of Neddys journey, the illusions he has constructed about his life are stripped away, and in the process the truth behind his society is realized. In unveiling the tragedy of Neddys existence, Cheever reveals the unworthiness of an unexamined life. The tragedy of Neddys presence leads to his own demise. Through an unique usage of tone, Cheever foreshadows the misfortunes of the protagonist. Stereotypically, the author hints at the fact that that wealthy people loaf around and indulge themselves with alcohol to rid themselves of their problems (368). In a mocking manner, almost setting Neddy up for his failure, the day begins beautiful and everyone is happy, but a feeling of confusion soon follows (368). Significantly, by exemplifying the point of view, Cheever allows the reader to see Neddy from two different perspectives. According to Neddy, ?his life was not confining and the delight he took in observation could not be explained by its suggestion of escape? (368). The bystanders view of Neddy, however, depicts him as ?close to naked,? as they ?wondered if he was the victim of foul play, had his car broken down, or was he merely a fool? (371). This is the only moment in the entire story where a perspective other than Neddys is offered, indicating that Cheever wants to maintain an emphasis on the bewilderment of Neddy. In addition, elements of symbolism throughout the story exhibit the troubles of Neddy. The water, a symbol of the unconscious, represents the thoughts and actions of Neddy. Alcohol, a means of escape, lies as a threat to Neddys existence because he feels that ?whiskey would carry him through the last of his journey? (373-74). The storm represents a change from the confusion of Neddy into the truth about his existence. We will write a custom essay on The Swimmer By John Cheever specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The worthlessness of Neddys unexamined life ultimately forces him awy from reality. Initially, the characterization of Neddy and the society which he represents reveals the meaninglessness of both his life and that of the society. ?My misfortunes? .I dont know what you mean,?(373) Neddy obliviously responds when receiving sympathy for his financial misfortunes that he seems totally unaware of. Due to the snobbish behavior accustomed to Neddy through his society, he is afraid that the public pool will ?damage his own prosperousness and charm?(372) which he no longer possesses anyway. Furthermore, the constant usage of allusion remains evident throughout the story. Almost Fitzgerald-like in his descriptions of the ?prosperous men and women,?(370) Cheever satirizes the society. Also similar to the works of Fitzgerald, the protagonists own wealth and power force his social decline. Importantly, symbolism also plays a role in describing the lifestyle of Neddy and the society of which he r epresents. The storm adds to Cheevers satirical story in that confusion is even moreso emphasized(370). The parties and constant drinking of the wealthy society acts as a way for them to escape everyday responsibilities (368).Cheever illustrates the meaningless life of Neddy and his satirized society by uncovering the affliction of Neddys existence. The fact that Neddy feels that he still holds the same social stature as he previously did, exhibits his ignorance and inability to accept his own misfortunes. Throughout the story, both the society and Neddy think that they can avoid the problems of life by consuming alcohol, obtaining wealth, and partying. Ultimately, the personal tragedy of mankind results from his own ignorance and misperception of reality.

Bio of Ma Rainey, Influential Early Blues Singer

Bio of Ma Rainey, Influential Early Blues Singer Born Gertrude Pridgett, Ma Rainey (April 26, 1886 - December 22, 1939) was one of the first blues singers to record music. Nicknamed the â€Å"Mother of the Blues,† she recorded more than 100 singles, including the hits â€Å"Prove it on Me Blues,† â€Å"See See Rider Blues,† and â€Å"Don’t Fish in My Sea.† Fast Facts: Ma Rainey Occupation: Blues singerNickname: Mother of the BluesBorn: 1882 or 1886 in either Russell County, Alabama, or Columbus, GeorgiaParents: Thomas and Ella PridgettDied: Dec. 22, 1939 in Columbus, GeorgiaTop Songs: Prove it on Me Blues, See See Rider Blues, Don’t Fish in My Sea, Bo-Weavil BluesKey Accomplishments: 1990 Rock Roll Hall of Fame inductee, 1990 Blues Foundation Hall of Fame Inductee, 1994 US postage stamp honoree Early Years Gertrude Pridgett was the second child born to minstrel show performers Thomas and Ella Pridgett. Her birthplace is often listed as Columbus, Ga., and her birth year is widely reported as 1886. However, census records indicate that the singer was born September 1882 in Russell County, Alabama. Her singing career took off during her early teens. Like many African Americans, she honed her musical skills in church. By 1900, she was singing and dancing in Georgia’s Springer Opera House, now a National Historic Landmark. A number of artists have performed at the theater, including Buffalo Bill, John Philip Sousa, Burt Reynolds, and Oscar Wilde. Rainey, however, stands out as one of the early greats to do so.   In addition to the career success she enjoyed as a young woman, Rainey hit a milestone in her personal life when she married performer William â€Å"Pa† Rainey on February 2, 1904. The couple performed as â€Å"Ma† and â€Å"Pa† Rainey throughout the South. Traveling so much, especially in rural areas, is what led Ma Rainey to first hear the blues, a new art form at the time.   Blues combined African-American spirituals with African musical customs, such as â€Å"blue,† or flat notes. Performers would typically repeat the same lines, and the lyrics often discussed heartache or struggles of some sort. When Rainey first heard a singer perform the blues, the woman described a man who’d left her. Rainey had never heard anything like it. Introduced in the late 1800s, the blues paved the way for several different music genres, namely RB and rock-n-roll. Ma Rainey came to love the genre so much that she soon started performing blues songs. Her performances thrilled audiences, putting her on the path to become one of the early blues greats. Some scholars have said Rainey influenced younger performers, such as Bessie Smith, the blues singer she met in 1912. But it’s unclear if Rainey really acted as a mentor to Smith, whose singing style differed from hers. Well into the 1910s, Rainey continued to enjoy musical success, performing with Fat Chappelles Rabbit Foot Minstrels as well as Tollivers Circus and Musical Extravaganza. Their shows included chorus lines, acrobats, and comedy acts. When Rainey sang at the end of the program, she looked every bit the stage diva, turning up in showy jewelry, like diamond headpieces and necklaces made of cash. She even had gold teeth, which complemented the gold gowns she wore.   A Hitmaker for Paramount Records In 1916, Rainey began performing without her husband because the two had separated. She did not publicly identify as a lesbian, but some of her later musical lyrics and an arrest for throwing an â€Å"indecent† party toward the end of her career suggest she had romantic relationships with women. The newly single Rainey performed with her own backing band, billing herself as Madam Gertrude â€Å"Ma† Rainey and Her Georgia Smart Sets. Ma Rainey was one of the earliest recording artists to perform blues music. Photo by Donaldson Collection/Getty Images Rainey cut several songs for Paramount Records in 1923. They included the hits Bad Luck Blues, Bo-Weavil Blues, Moonshine Blues, and Those All Night Long Blues. Mamie Smith recorded the earliest blues single three years before. Rainey may not have been the first blues recording artist, but she had a prolific output. She went on to record about 100 blues tracks, and Dead Drunk Blues was among the most popular. Her songs had many themes. The lyrics, like those of many blues songs, focused on romantic relationships; they also discussed drinking and traveling as well as the African-American folk magic known as hoodoo. Although Rainey started out performing in the South, the success of her records led to a tour in the North, where she had dates in cities like Chicago with her backup ensemble, the Wildcats Jazz Band. In the following years, Rainey performed with a number of talented musicians, most famously Louis Armstrong. In 1928, Rainey’s music career began to slow down, as her type of blues fell out of fashion. Paramount did not renew her contract, despite the slew of hits she’d performed for the record label. One of the last tracks she recorded, Prove It On Me Blues, openly discussed her sexual orientation. â€Å"Went out last night with a crowd of my friends,† Rainey sang. â€Å"They must’ve been women, ‘cause I don’t like no men. It’s true I wear a collar and tie. Makes the wind blow all the while.† In the promotional image for the song, Rainey is drawn wearing a suit and a hat, speaking with a few women as a policeman eyes her. The song and the image allude to a women-only party Rainey threw 1925. It got so rowdy that a neighbor complained to the police. The women were getting affectionate with one another when the officer arrived, and as party host, Rainey was arrested for throwing an indecent party. While the singer could not openly identify as a lesbian during this era, she is regarded as a gay icon today. She’s one of the recording artists featured in Robert Philipson’s 2011 documentary T’Ain’t Nobody’s Bizness: Queer Blues Divas of the 1920s. Ma Rainey’s Impact Today Although Rainey stopped recording new music in the late 1920s, she continued to perform, simply at much smaller venues than she had during the height of her career. In 1935, she retired from the industry, returning to her hometown of Columbus, Ga. There, she purchased two movie halls- the Lyric and Airdome theaters. Ma Rainey died from a heart attack on Dec. 22, 1939.   She may have been a singer, but Rainey has been a major influence on black literature and drama. Poets Langston Hughes and Sterling Allen Brown both alluded to her in their works. The August Wilson play â€Å"Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom† directly referenced the singer as well. And Alice Walker based blues singer Shug Avery, a character in her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel â€Å"The Color Purple,† on artists like Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith. In 1990, Rainey was inducted into the Blues Foundation’s Hall of Fame and the Rock Roll Hall of Fame. Four years later, the US Postal Service issued a postage stamp in the blues singer’s honor. Her home in Columbus, Ga., became a museum in her honor in 2007. Sources Freedman, Samuel J. What Black Writers Owe to Music. New York Times, 14 October 1984.Giaimo, Cara. The Queer Black Woman Who Reinvented The Blues. Atlas Obscura, 27 April 2016.ONeal, Jim. Ma Rainey. The Blues Foundation, 10 November 2016.

Anatomical Directional Terms and Body Planes

Anatomical Directional Terms and Body Planes Anatomical directional terms are like the directions on a compass rose of a map. Like the directions, North, South, East and West, they can be used to describe the locations of structures in relation to other structures or locations in the body. This is particularly useful when studying anatomy as it provides a common method of communication that helps to avoid confusion when identifying structures. Also as with a compass rose, each directional term often has a counterpart with converse or opposite meaning. These terms are very useful when describing the locations of structures to be studied in dissections. Anatomical directional terms can also be applied to the planes of the body. Body planes are used to describe specific sections or regions of the body. Below are examples of some commonly used anatomical directional terms and planes of the body. Anatomical Directional Terms Anterior: In front of, frontPosterior: After, behind, following, toward the rearDistal: Away from, farther from the originProximal: Near, closer to the originDorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the backVentral: Toward the bottom, toward the bellySuperior: Above, overInferior: Below, underLateral: Toward the side, away from the mid-lineMedial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the sideRostral: Toward the frontCaudal: Toward the back, toward the tailBilateral: Involving both sides of the bodyUnilateral: Involving one side of the bodyIpsilateral: On the same side of the bodyContralateral: On opposite sides of the bodyParietal: Relating to a body cavity wallVisceral: Relating to organs within body cavitiesAxial: Around a central axisIntermediate: Between two structures Anatomical Body Planes Imagine a person standing in an upright position. Now imagine dissecting this person with imaginary vertical and horizontal planes. This is the best way to describe anatomical planes. Anatomical planes can be used to describe any body part or an entire body. (View a detailed body plane image.) Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: Imagine a vertical plane that runs through your body from front to back or back to front. This plane divides the body into right and left regions. Median or Midsagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left regions.Parasagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and left regions. Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane: Imagine a vertical plane that runs through the center of your body from side to side. This plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions. Transverse Plane: Imagine a horizontal plane that runs through the midsection of your body. This plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) regions. Anatomical Terms: Examples Some anatomical structures contain anatomical terms in their names that help identify their position in relation to other body structures or divisions within the same structure. Some examples include the anterior and posterior pituitary, superior and inferior venae cavae, the median cerebral artery, and the axial skeleton. Affixes (word parts that are attached to base words) are also useful in describing the position of anatomical structures. These prefixes and suffixes give us hints about the locations of body structures. For example, the prefix (para-) means near or within. The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior side of the thyroid. The prefix epi- means upper or outermost. The epidermis is the outermost skin layer. The prefix (ad-) means near, next to, or toward. The adrenal glands are located atop the kidneys. Anatomical Terms: Resources Understanding anatomical directional terms and body planes will make it easier to study anatomy. It will help you to be able to visualize positional and spatial locations of structures and navigate directionally from one area to another. Another strategy that can be employed to help you visualize anatomical structures and their positions is to use study aids such as anatomy coloring books and flashcards. It may seem a bit juvenile, but coloring books and review cards actually help you to visually comprehend the information.

BSc Criminology - Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem Essay

BSc Criminology - Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem - Essay Example It is useful to compare the trends in the data series. For example both charts give property crime the largest section (78 and 75 percent respectively). Looking at Tale 4.06 women are more likely to be attacked than men and younger women are more vulnerable than any other group. Overall non-married persons are more likely to be victims than married persons. To a certain extent identifying persons who are socialising outside the home as being more at risk is nonsense, since if one is attacked inside the home that becomes a burglary. It would also be useful to know how many victims actually knew who the perpetrator was. On the figures given here one would assume that most crime is anonymous and yet we know this is not statistically true. Further, there is no breakdown by gender and we must ask the question are women more likely to be attacked whilst under the influence of alcohol or are they simply more likely to be victims of this type of crime regardless of sobriety? Whilst the survey states that people who had left the house for less than three hours a day were significantly less likely to have been victimised this actually tells us very little. As one ages one has fewer reasons to be away from home for extended periods of time. As noted earlier, if one is attacked in one’s home the name of the crime changes. The survey indicates that marital status affects the risk of being a victim of theft from the person. That is hardly surprising given that the majority of persons in England are beneath marriageable age and it is the non-marrieds who are more likely to have the time and spending power to be out socialising in urban areas. It is also more likely to be a reflection of the fact that 2 out of every 3 marriages in England/Wales end in divorce. The immediate difficulty with data presented in the format of Figure 6.3 is that it actually makes it difficult to determine what one is seeing. For example we are asked to view the data by